±¹¹Î°ú ±× ±¹¹ÎÀÌ ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â Àç»ê¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ú¼¼±ÇÀº ¹Ù·Î Á¤ºÎÀÇ Á¸¸ÁÀ»
Á¿ìÇÏ´Â µ¥ ¸Å¿ì ÇʼöÀûÀÎ ¿ä¼ÒÀ̸ç, Á¤ºÎ°¡ ±× °ú¼¼±Ç¿¡ ¼ö¹ÝµÇ¾î ¼±ÅÃÇÒ
¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÃÖ´ë ¹üÀ§±îÁö, ÀûÀýÇÑ ÇØ´ç °ú¼¼´ë»ó¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÇÕ¹ýÀûÀ¸·Î °ú¼¼±ÇÀ»
Çà»çÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Çã¿ëµÈ´Ù.
°ú¼¼±Ç·ÂÀÇ ³²¿ë¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¾ÈÀü ÀåÄ¡´Â Á¤ºÎ ÀÚüÀÇ ±¸Á¶¿¡¼ ãÀ» ¼ö
ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÔ¹ýºÎ´Â ¼¼±ÝÀ» ºÎ°úÇÒ ¶§¿¡ ±× À¯±ÇÀÚ¿¡ µû¶ó ÇൿÇÑ´Ù.
ÀÌ°ÍÀº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î À߸øµÇ°í ¾ï¾ÐÀûÀÎ °ú¼¼¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÃæºÐÇÑ ¾ÈÀü ÀåÄ¡°¡
µÈ´Ù(This is, in general, a sufficient security against erroneous and
oppressive taxation).
- John Marshall(1755~1835), ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡ÀÎÀÌÀÚ, ¹ý·ü°¡·Î Á¦4´ë ¿¬¹æ ´ë¹ý¿øÀå
(1801~1835), Á¦4´ë ¹Ì±¹ ±¹¹«Àå°ü(1800~1801), ¹Ì±¹ ÇÏ¿øÀÇ¿ø(1799~1800)
Ãâó : ¹Ì±¹ ¿¬¹æ´ë¹ý¿ø 1819.3.6. ¼±°í McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. 316(1819)
»ç°Ç ÆÇ°á
<ÇØ ¼³>
1. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) »ç°Ç °³¿ä
¹Ì±¹ ÀÇȸ(¿¬¹æÁ¤ºÎ)´Â 1791³â ¼³¸³ÇÑ Á¦1±¹¸³ÀºÇà¿¡ À̾î 1816³â Á¦2±¹¸³
ÀºÇàÀ» Àΰ¡Çß´Ù.
´ç½Ã ¸¹Àº ÁÖ¿¡¼´Â ÁÖ °üÇÒ±¸¿ª³»¿¡ ±¹¸³ÀºÇà ÁöÁ¡ ¼³Ä¡¸¦ ¹Ý´ëÇß´Ù. ±× ÁÖµéÀº
±¹¸³ÀºÇàÀÌ ÀڽŵéÀÇ ÁÖ¸³ ÀºÇà°ú °æÀïÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¿øÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°í, ÀÇȸ ±Ç·ÂÀÇ À§Çå
Çà»ç·Î º¸¾Æ ±¹¸³ÀºÇà ¼³¸³¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇß´Ù.
´ëÇ¥ÀûÀ¸·Î 1818³â ¸Þ¸±·£µå ÁÖ´Â ±¹¸³ÀºÇà ÁöÁ¡¿¡ ¼¼±ÝÀ» ºÎ°úÇÏ´Â ¹ý¾ÈÀ» Á¦Á¤
ÇÏ¿© ¿¬°£ 15,000´Þ·¯ÀÇ ¼¼±ÝÀ» ºÎ°úÇßÁö¸¸, Á¦2±¹¸³ÀºÇà º¼Æ¼¸ð¾î ÁöÁ¡ÀÇ
°è»ê¿øÀÎ Á¦ÀÓ½º ¸ÆÄ÷Î(James W. McCulloh, ÀÌ »ç°Ç¿¡¼´Â ¹ý¿ø ¼±â°¡ ±×ÀÇ
À̸§À» "McCulloch·Î À߸ø Ç¥±âÇÔ)´Â ¼¼±Ý ³³ºÎ¸¦ °ÅºÎÇß´Ù.
ÁÖ Ç×¼Ò¹ý¿øÀº Çå¹ý¿¡¼ ¿¬¹æ Á¤ºÎ°¡ ÀºÇàÀ» ¼³¸³Çϵµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â ¸í¹®ÈµÈ ±ÔÁ¤À»
µÎÁö ¾Ê¾Ò±â ¶§¹®¿¡ Á¦2±¹¸³ÀºÇàÀÇ Àΰ¡´Â À§ÇåÀ̶ó°í ÆÇ°áÇß´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ¿¬¹æ´ë¹ý¿øÀº ÀÇȸ°¡ ÀºÇàÀ» ÅëÇÕÇÒ ±ÇÇÑÀ» °®°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¸Þ¸±·£µåÁÖ´Â
Çå¹ýÀû ±ÇÇÑÀÇ ÁýÇà¿¡ »ç¿ëµÈ Áß¾Ó Á¤ºÎÀÇ ±â±¸¿¡ °ú¼¼ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í ÆÇ°áÇß´Ù.
2. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) »ç°ÇÀÇ ÀïÁ¡
ÀÌ »ç°ÇÀÇ ÀïÁ¡Àº ±¹¸³ÀºÇà ¼³¸³ÀÇ ÇÕ¹ý¼º°ú ¸Þ¸±·£µåÁÖ°¡ ¿¬¹æÁ¤ºÎÀÇ Á¶Á÷ÀÎ
±¹¸³ÀºÇà¿¡ ¼¼±ÝÀ» ºÎ°úÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±ÇÇÑÀÌ ÀÖ´À³Ä¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
3. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) »ç°ÇÀÇ ¿¬¹æ´ë¹ý¿ø ÆÇ°á
‘ź·ÂÀû Á¶Ç×’(Elastic Clause)À¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁø ¹Ì±¹ Çå¹ý Á¦1Á¶ Á¦8Ç×ÀÇ ‘ÇÊ¿äÇÏ°í
ÀûÀýÇÑ Á¶Ç×’(the Necessary and Proper Clause)¿¡ µû¶ó, Á¸ ¸¶¼£(John Marshall)
´ë¹ý¿øÀåÀº ÀÇȸ°¡ ¹Ì±¹ Çå¹ý¿¡ ¸í½ÃÀûÀ¸·Î ±ÔÁ¤µÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ±ÇÇÑÀ» º¸À¯ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù°í
ÁöÀûÇß´Ù.
Á¸ ¸¶¼£(John Marshall)Àº ¿°ÅµÈ ±ÇÇÑÀÌ Àû¿ëµÇ´Â ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ ´Þ¼ºÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ¸ðµç
¹æ¹ýÀ» ´Ù·ç¸é¼ ‘ÇÊ¿äÇÑ’(necessary)À» ‘ÀûÀýÇÏ°í ÇÕ¹ýÀûÀÎ’(appropriate and
legitimate)À̶ó´Â Àǹ̷ΠÀçÁ¤ÀÇÇß´Ù.
Á¸ ¸¶¼£(John Marshall)Àº ÁÖÁ¤ºÎ°¡ °ú¼¼±ÇÀ» º¸À¯ÇÏÁö¸¸, Çå¹ý°ú ÀÌ¿¡ µû¶ó
Á¦Á¤µÈ ¹ý·üÀº ÃÖ°íÀÌ¸ç ¿¬¹æÁ¤ºÎ´Â ÁÖ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÃÖ°í ±Ç·ÂÀ» °®°í Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡
ÁÖÁ¤ºÎ°¡ ¿¬¹æÁ¤ºÎ¿¡ °£¼·ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´É·ÂÀº Á¦Çѵȴٰí ÆǽÃÇß´Ù.
Á¸ ¸¶¼£(John Marshall)Àº “¿°ÅµÈ Á¤ºÎ ±ÇÇÑ Áß¿¡¼ 'ÀºÇà'(bank)À̶ó´Â ´Ü¾î´Â
ãÀ» ¼ö ¾øÁö¸¸ ¼¼±ÝÀ» ºÎ°úÇÏ°í ¡¼öÇÏ´Â °·ÂÇÑ ±ÇÇÑÀº ÀÖ´Ù. µ·À» ºô¸®°í,
»ó¾÷À» ±ÔÁ¦Çϱâ À§ÇØ ¸ñÀûÀÌ ÇÕ¹ýÀûÀ̾î¾ß ÇÏ°í, ±×°ÍÀÌ Çå¹ýÀÇ ¹üÀ§ ³»¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¾ß
Çϸç, ±× ¸ñÀû¿¡ ¸í¹éÈ÷ ÀûÇÕÇÏ°í ±ÝÁöµÇÁö ¾Ê°í Çå¹ýÀÇ ¹ý¹®°ú Á¤½Å(the letter
and spirit of the constitution)¿¡ ºÎÇÕÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç ÀûÀýÇÑ ¼ö´ÜÀº ÇÕÇåÀÌ´Ù.”
“¿¬¹æÁ¤ºÎ´Â °ú¼¼ ¹× ÁöÃâ±ÇÇÑÀ» °®°í Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ À̸¦ À§ÇØ ‘ÇÊ¿äÇÏ°í ÀûÀýÇÑ’
(necessary and proper) ±¹¸³ÀºÇàÀ» ¼³¸³ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±Ç¸®¿Í ±ÇÇÑÀ» °®°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
ÁÖ´Â ¿¬¹æÁ¤ºÎ¿¡ ¼¼±ÝÀ» ºÎ°úÇÒ ±ÇÇÑÀÌ ¾ø´Ù” °í ÆǽÃÇÏ¿©, ¿¬¹æÁ¤ºÎ¿¡ À¯¸®ÇÑ
ÆÇ°áÀ» ³»¸®¸é¼, “°ú¼¼±Ç¿¡´Â Æı«±Çµµ Æ÷ÇԵȴٔ(the power to tax involves
the power to destroy)°í °á·ÐÁö¾ú´Ù.
4. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) »ç°Ç ÆÇ°áÀÌ ÁÖ´Â ÀǹÌ
“±¹¹Î°ú ±× ±¹¹ÎÀÌ ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â Àç»ê¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ú¼¼±ÇÀº Á¤ºÎÀÇ Á¸À縦 Á¿ìÇÏ´Â
µ¥ ÇʼöÀûÀÎ ¿ä¼ÒÀÌ´Ù.”(The power of taxing people and their property is
essential to the very existence of government) ¶ó´Â ¸»Àº ¹Ì±¹ ±¹¼¼Ã»(IRS)
ȨÆäÀÌÁö(https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/tax-quotes) µî ¿©·¯ °÷¿¡¼ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ
Á¦4´ë ´ëÅë·ÉÀÎ ¸Þµð½¼(James Madison)ÀÌ ¸»ÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ±â·ÏÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸³ª,
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) »ç°Ç¿¡¼ Á¸ ¸¶¼£(John Marshall) ´ë¹ý¿øÀåÀÌ ÆǽÃÇÑ
³»¿ëÀ» ¸Þµð½¼(JamesMadison) ´ëÅë·ÉÀÌ ÀοëÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ.
¸¶¼£(John Marshall) ´ë¹ý¿øÀåÀÇ McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) »ç°ÇÀÇ ÆÇ°áÀº
¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ÅëÀÏµÈ Çå¹ý Çм³À» ¼ö¸³ÇÏ°í, ¿¬¹æ Á¤ºÎÀÇ Á¶Á÷¿¡ È®°íÇÑ Çü½Ä°ú Á¤ÀǸ¦
ºÎ¿©ÇÑ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ÆÇ·Ê·Î Æò°¡µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
Áï McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) »ç°Ç ÆÇ°áÀº ‘Çå¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±¹°¡ÁÖÀÇÀû ÀÌ·Ð’
(a nationalist theory of the Constitution), ‘¹¬½ÃÀû ±Ç·Â¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü¿ëÀû °ßÇØ’
(a permissive view of implied powers), ±×¸®°í º¯ÈÇÏ´Â »óȲ¿¡¼ ¿¹»óÄ¡ ¸øÇÑ
±¹°¡ ¹®Á¦¸¦ Á¤ºÎ°¡ ÇØ°áÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï Áß¾Ó Á¤ºÎ¿¡ ±ÇÇÑÀ» ºÎ¿©Çϱâ À§ÇØ Çå¹ýÀ»
À¯¿¬ÇÏ°Ô Çؼ®ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â ‘À¯´ÉÇÑ Çå¹ý ÀÌ·Ð’(a capable Constitution
theory)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³íÀïÀ» À̲ø¾î ³Â´Ù.